A small deer inhabiting uplands of central asia whose both sexes are without antlers, with musk secreting males, of species moschus moschiferus. It is known that acetalisation, or the organic reaction that involves the formation of an acetal, is a reversible. Population estimates in areas adjacent to gb suggested 120 musk deer in 2002 for neelum valley azad jammu and kashmir, pakistan, ajk, with the largest population of 22 animals in machiara. The entire body length ranges between 90 and 100 cm. It has large ears, a very short tail, no antlers, and, unlike all other deer, a gall bladder. They weigh just about 9 to 11 kg and are very different from the other types of indian deer. Animals free fulltext changes in the population genetic. Musk deer, moschus moschiferus, small compact deer, family cervidae order artiodactyla. The siberian musk deer is a species of small, stocky musk deer living in the forested mountainous regions of northeast asia. Therefore, highthroughput 16s rrna gene sequencing was applied to study the dynamic changes in intestinal microbiota during preweaning 10 days before weaning and postweaning 10 days after weaning in 15 young forest musk deer. Pdf five musk deer species genus moschus are distributed in china, and the present estimated numbers in the wild are between 220 000 and 320 000 find, read and cite all the research you. It is most common in the taiga of southern siberia, but is also found in parts of mongolia, inner mongolia, manchuria and the korean peninsula their small shape allows them to hide from predators through tiny openings in the rocky terrain and also allow them to run exceptionally fast. The hind legs are quite muscular as well as long and the forelimbs are short, weak and thin. The wildlife conservation society, in association with the pacific institute of geography and the svertsov institute of ecology and evolution, is also taking part in this project.
Wholegenome sequencing of wild siberian musk deer moschus. Poaching and natural predation along with human induced habitat alteration are the main reasons for declining musk deer population. Musk deer tibet nature environmental conservation network. In recent years, the conservation of musk deer was improvedinthisprovince,andthepopulationbegan increasing. Jan 30, 2020 occurrences n 6 of kashmir musk deer against the backdrop of precipitation of the driest quarter, which was identified by this study as the most important predictor of musk deer distribution. An important goal of the deer is the discovery of the source from which the fragrance emerges. Is it illegal or prohibited to use 100% pure and natural. However, the genetic information of siberian musk deer is. Pdf distribution and population status of himalayan musk. Further south, avoiding the gobi desert, the musk deer occurs in china, burma, northern india, northern vietnam and the himalayan region flerov, 1952, green, 1986.
Worldwide, the population size of siberian musk deer is threatened by severe illegal poaching for commercially valuable musk and meat, habitat losses, and forest fire. Initially it was only used for dressing up and later it became a popular cosmetic and deodorant in the tang and song. Dec 30, 2015 himalayan musk deer project the musk deer, which was once found throughout the himalayas, has been persecuted by man for its musk used in the preparation of perfumes and medicine. Conservation of himalayan musk deer the himalayan musk deer moschus chrysogaster is endangered species found in the subalpine and alpine region of nepal. The information presented in this paper was obtained during a study of alpine musk deer in uttarakhand himalayas. In pakistan, himalayan musk deer moschus chrysogaster inhabits subalpine scrub, and mixed coniferous forest usually between 2785m and 4000m. The communities of musk deer national park mdnp comprise 19 villages. The kashmir musk deer moschus cupreus a small animal with vampirelike fangs still lives in the eastern forests of afghanistan more than 60. If the inline pdf is not rendering correctly, you can download the pdf file. Deer musk 1gram, musk is the name originally given to a substance with a penetrating odor obtained from a gland of the male musk deer or gazelle which is situated between its stomach and genitals. Projected distribution and climate refugia of endangered. Musk deer have been hunted and killed for its musk. Musk deer 1 1 in east siberia, north and eastern mongolia and north china, west to kansu and korea.
Dynamic changes in intestinal microbiota in young forest musk. Conservation prospects for musk deer and other wildlife in. The alpine musk deer moschus chrysogaster is classified as an. Musk deer of india resemble mediumhigh dogs in size. The musk chemical composition and microbiota of chinese. Pdf five species of musk deer forest musk deer moschus berezovskii, alpine. The population and harvest of musk deer and trade in.
Musk deer status and conservation in baizha forest musk deer are found on both forested and shrubdominated slopes of all aspects. A solitary shy animal, the musk deer lives in mountainous regions from siberia to the himalayas. Moschus chrysogaster is a primitive ruminant living in the remote high himalayas. Nowadays perfumes does not include natural deer musk oil, instead perfumers use synthetic or artificial deer musk oil as an ingredient in a perfume. The deer is mainly found in russia and asia, but countries around the world import it. Because of this, musk deer have become fewer and endangered.
The fact that musk deer quickly become accustomed to human presence means that prolonged direct visual observations are possible once a radiotagged animal has been located. The distribution, status and conservation of the himalayan musk. The siberian musk deer moschus moschiferus is a musk deer found in the mountain forests of northeast asia. China and russia are the countries inhabited by the largest numbers of musk deer. Actually this musk scent was used in china as far back as the eastern han dynasty 25220. Poop, photos and genes indicate that endangered kashmir musk. The studies on the conservation of the musk deer and.
Conservation status and causes of decline of musk deer. A comparison of direct payment and community wildlife management strategies by neil warren fletcher b. Musk deer resemble small deer, with a stocky build and hind legs longer than their front legs. Protected areas management project, machiara national park, muzaffarabad. The dwarf musk deer or chinese forest musk deer moschus berezovskii flerov is an endangered artiodactyl species native to southern and central china and northernmost vietnam 1,2. Musk deer and deer musk she xiang chinese herbs healing. Siberian musk deer, one of the seven species, is distributed in coniferous forests of asia. It is dry either in the sun, on a hot stone, or by. In the present study, we computationally analyzed the repertoire of the cathelicidin cathl family from the genome of forest musk. Jan 21, 2014 musk deer farms began to be established in china in 1958, and there were more than 3,000 musk deer in captivity in such farms by the 1980s. Authentic himalayan deer musk oil has a very strong highly fragrant animalic scent, which gradually settles down and gives out an extreme sensatio nal aroma. At present, this species is categorized as vulnerable on the iucn red list. In recent years, deer musk oil has been increasingly popular among young people from many countries in the world. Status, habitat use and conservation of alpine musk deer moschus.
With a kangaroolike face, long, muscular hind legs, shorter and weaker forelimbs, small chest, highly arched back, and large rear, these animals move in a sequence of coordinated jumps. Wcs russia the russian far east is home to some of the worlds rarest and unique species, including amur tigers and leopards, kamchatka brown bears, and blakistons fish owls. The results of these model surveys were extrapolated to provide estimates of the musk deer population in wider areas of such habitats in those regions. To prepare a strategic patrolling plan, latrine site selection and their location should be known at first hand. The parasitic analysis is under process to find out the gastrointestinal parasites of the musk deer. Musk deer is distributed throughout vdc of manang district expects phu vdc and ghyaru vdc, with high densities present in nyeshang valley.
However, it is almost impossible to save musk deer without patrolling its habitat. Apr 07, 2020 musk deer, moschus moschiferus, small compact deer, family cervidae order artiodactyla. Musk deer is distributed throughout vdc of manang district expects phu vdc and. To obtain the musk, the deer gazelle is kill and its gland, also call musk pod, is remove. The major threat encountered by musk deer is the poaching for their musk which is used for medicinal purposes. The musk deer is best known for producing musk, which is highly demanded throughout the world. The male deer possesses a musk gland specialized for the production of musk. Deer musk is a substance with a persistent odor, obtained from the caudal glands of the male musk deer although more commonly referred to as musk, the term itself is often used to describe a wide variety of musky substances from other animals such as the african civet civet musk or various synthetic musks whose compound exhibits some character of deer musk.
Wildscreens arkive project was launched in 2003 and grew to become the worlds biggest encyclopaedia of life on earth. However, weaning stress may cause intestinal microbiotarelated disorders. Research program of musk deer ecology in the sikhotealin. It is this musk pod which makes them so valuable in the eyes of the world. The musk deer is grayish brown, with long coarse brittle hair, and stands 5060 cm 2024 inches at the. Threats to endangered musk deer moschus chrysogaster in the. Zaitsev of severtsov institute, a participant in this study, was the first to demonstrate this potential with his earlier observations of musk deer in the sikhotealin. In russia, musk deer moschus moschiferus dwell in siberia and in the far east and are mostly known to be a hunting species.
Jan 08, 2016 the composition of musk from the chinese forest musk deer preputial gland secretion coincides with data reported by do et al. No matter what youre looking for or where you are in the world, our global marketplace of sellers can help you find unique and affordable options. Slowly the whole valley filled with sweet fragrance and scent. If two male musk deer meet, they fight, during which they can seriously hurt each other with their tusklike teeth. It is most common in the taiga of southern siberia, but is also found in parts of mongolia, inner mongolia, manchuria and the korean peninsula. There are seven species of musk deer reported from asia out of which, five species namely kashmiri musk deer moschus cupreus, alpine musk deer moschus chrysogaster, himalayan musk deer moschus leucogaster, black musk deer moschus fuscus and forest musk deer moschus berezovskii are found in himalayas within the indian limits grubb 2005. The musk deer family differs from cervids, or true deer, by lacking antlers and facial glands and by possessing only a single pair of teats, a gallbladder, a caudal gland, a. The most unique characteristic is the musk sac or pod which the males possess 2, 3. In the late 1990s, the musk deer population was estimated to be approximately 150,000. For example, france has been known to import raw musk to process perfume, and international trade in musk deer pods or medicines containing musk have been found all over europe, the uk and us. Box 2805, kathmandu, nepal abstract the himalayan musk deer. The musk deer is 60 cm tall and the shoulder height is 20 cm.
Musk deer are difficult to manage and breed, though, because they are solitary, territorial, and excitable, and the farms themselves have suffered due to insufficient funds, poor equipment, lack of skilled. Siberian musk deer habitat, diet, facts and pictures. Consisting of an area of 975 km 2 376 sq mi, it is the largest protected area in the western himalayas. Adapted from the story, the musk deer questions for reflection and sharing.
The studies on the conservation of the musk deer and habitat in. The usual diet of musk deer is mainly composed of lichen, which they get by climbing bent tree trunks, taking over heights of up to 4 meters. Musk deer farms began to be established in china in 1958, and there were more than 3,000 musk deer in captivity in such farms by the 1980s. Pdf status and distribution of himalayan musk deer moschus. Study the study concluded that contrary to belief, the alpine musk deer does not exist. Deer musk 1gram online price in pakistan cash on delivery. Pdf conservation status and causes of decline of musk deer. Selection of latrine sites by himalayan musk deer moschus leucogaster in neshyang valley, annapurna conservation area, nepal paras bikram singha,b, bhakta bahadur shresthac, arjun thapaa,b, pradip saudd and zhigang jianga,b akey laboratory of animal ecology and conservation biology, institute of zoology, chinese academy of science, beijing, peoples republic of china. Musk is used to make perfumes and soap, and it is also used in traditional chinese medicine. It is a small, solitary forest ruminant occupying the mountains of northeast india, nepal, bhutan, tibet and central china between 2800 m and 4000 m above mean sea level sathyakumar and rawat, 2015. They are about 80 to 100 cm 31 to 39 in long, 50 to 70 cm 20 to 28 in high at the shoulder, and weigh between 7 and 17 kg 15 and 37 lb. The forest musk deer moschus berezovskii is one of the five recognized musk deer species of china and have historically been distributed in southwest china 6, 7.
Conservationstatusandcausesofdeclineof muskdeermoschus spp. The other threats faced are deforestation and habitat destruction. Occurrences n 6 of kashmir musk deer against the backdrop of precipitation of the driest quarter, which was identified by this study as the most important predictor of. Genetic diversity of himalayan musk deer authorstream. Musk deer can refer to any one, or all seven, of the species that make up moschus, the only extant genus of the family moschidae. A gland in males produces musk, a thick, oily secretion that is one of the most valuable substances in the animal kingdom. Deer musk oil is derived from the aromatic substance of the musk gland of the musk deer.
Conserving musk deer the uses of musk and europes role in its. Musk deer simple english wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Habitat use and overlap of himalayan musk deer moschus chrysogaster with reference to habitat quality and human use in kedarnath wildlife sanctuary, uttrakhand. The small and arched back make the musk deer higher at the sacrum than at the shoulders. Endangered kashmir musk deer also present in nepal, says. The questionnaire and participatory rural appraisal pra exercises were designed to collect information and that data has been. People take musk for stroke, coma, nerve problems, seizures convulsions, heart pains, and sores in foods, musk is often used with nut, caramel, and fruittype flavors. The forest musk deer moschus berezovskii is a smallsized artiodactyl species famous for the musk secreted by adult males.
Apr 20, 2019 animal protection poop, photos and genes indicate that endangered kashmir musk deer is also present in nepal. Research paper distribution patterns of microsatellites. The aim of project was to quantify the habitat status of musk deer and such flagship species as giant panda and red panda, the illegal poaching and the illegal. Weaning is an important event for all mammals, including young forest musk deer. The sikhotealin state biosphere zapovednik nature reserve recently started a research and conservation program focusing on fareas tern musk deer moschus moschiferus. Himalayan musk deer project the musk deer, which was once found throughout the himalayas, has been persecuted by man for its musk used in the preparation of perfumes and medicine. Socioeconomic impact on natural resources in musk deer. Himalayan musk deer moschus chrysogaster found in bhutan belongs to the family moschidae and genus moschus prothero, 2007. And, the deer is equally enchanted by its own scent. The population and harvest of musk deer and trade in musk. This, coupled with habitat destruction, brought a sharp decline in its population. The wildlife conservation society focuses on these key species as a means to achieve biodiversity conservation and protect critical habitats throughout this region. Despite being commonly called deer, they are not true deer belonging to the family cervidae. Selection of latrine sites by himalayan musk deer moschus.
Its alternate name comes from its primary purpose of protecting the endangered himalayan musk deer. The studies on the conservation of the musk deer and habitat. But why perfumers dont use natural deer musk oil, is it illegal or because the product is extremely expensive. The forest musk deer has been listed as globally endangered, as critically endangered on the 2015 china red list, and is also on the state key protected wildlife list of china. In the captive population, this species is under the threat of infection diseases, which greatly limits the increase of individual numbers. With the help of over 7,000 of the worlds best wildlife filmmakers and photographers, conservationists and scientists, featured multimedia factfiles for more than 16,000 endangered species.
The himalayan musk deer moschus chrysogaster is a cervid distributed from the. Unfortunately, it was too late for the deer to discover where the source of the fragrance was found. Real deer musk can be very expensive, and some people find harvesting of the actual musk producing gland unethical. Distribution and population status of himalayan musk deer. Musk is a chemical from the musk gland of the male musk deer. Dynamic changes in intestinal microbiota in young forest.
Official government musk deer population surveys undertaken in the russian. The ecology issues of the musk deer studied by this method include feeding, manifestation of different behavioral activity in space, choice of places for rest, detours and patrolling of the habitat area, marking territory, etc. In the study, we examined the genetic structure of captive forest musk deer population in barkam center, and the changes in allele diversity. Identification of the actual number of musk deer in russia faces a number of technical difficulties zaitsev, 2006. Tracking of the musk deer that are familiar to the observers provides data on the movement of individuals and. The population and harvest of musk deer and trade in musk in. Musk deer pellets were collected in the sterile vial and then 95% ethanol was placed in the ratio of 3.
Musk deer are killed to excise the musk pod found in mature males between the genital organs and the umbilicus. Pdf on jul 4, 2005, achyut aryal and others published status and. Forest musk deer is a territorial animal, and it is very difficult for captive forest musk deer to record the accurate pedigree using the breeding management system of rotated mating bmsrm. For a long time, musk deer has been valued for their musk in the musk sac, secreted by the musk gland possessed by the males. Status, habitat use and conservation of alpine musk deer. The distribution, status and conservation of the himalayan. However, use of snares kills musk deer indiscriminately. As opposed to true deer belonging to cervidae family, male siberian musk deer lack antlers. Surveys of musk deer populations in the russian federation were conducted using model plots in various habitat types in musk deer range in the russian far east and the altaisayan region.
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